RESUMO Objetivou-se determinar o perfil de excreção de resíduos de albendazole e ivermectina em leite de cabras submetidas a tratamento antiparasitário. Vinte e quatro cabras sem padrão racial definido (SPRD), lactantes, pluríparas, criadas extensivamente em pastagem nativa foram tratadas com albendazole ou ivermectina, via oral. As amostras de leite foram coletadas antes e após a aplicação dos vermífugos, nos dias 0, 1, 2, 3 e 4 para Albendazole e 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 e 42 para ivermectina. Os resíduos dos vermífugos foram determinados por meio de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detector ultravioleta. A quantidade de resíduos presentes no leite foi decrescente em função do tempo. As taxas medias diárias de decréscimo dos resíduos de albendazole foram 63,34%, 40,18 e 100,0%, do 2° ao 4° dia, respectivamente; no 3° dia após o tratamento, 50% das amostras apresentaram concentrações ≥ 47,61 μg.mL-1 e no 4° dia, nenhuma amostra apresentou resíduo de albendazole. Os teores excretados de ivermectina foram similares entre o 3° e 21° dia, quando todas as amostras apresentaram valores ≥ 51,90 μg.mL-1; no 35° dia, 50% das amostras apresentavam valores acima nos níveis recomendáveis; no 42° dia, nenhuma amostra apresentou resíduo detectável de ivermectina. Conclui-se que o leite de cabras SPRD tratadas oralmente com albendazole ou ivermectina não apresenta seus respectivos resíduos em quantidades detectáveis a partir do 4° e 42° dias, respectivamente, após tratamento antiparasitário.

SUMMARY Theaimthis study was to determine the excretion profile of albendazole and ivermectin residues in milk from goats submitted to antiparasitic treatment. Twenty-four Brazilianmongrel lactating and pluriparous goats, maintained extensively on native pasture were orally treatedwith albendazole or ivermectin. Milk samples were collected before and after vermifuges application, in the days 0, 2, 3 e 4 to albendazole and 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 to ivermectin. The vermifuges residues were detected by high performance liquid cromatography with ultravioletdetector. The amount of residues contained in themilk was decreasing in function of time. The mean daily rates of decrease of albendazole residues were 63.34%, 40.18 and 100.0%, from the 2ndto the 4thday, respectively; on the 3rdday after treatment, 50% of the samples showed concentrations ≥ 47.61 μg.mL–1, and on the 4thday, no sample had albendazole residue. The amount excreted of ivermectin was similar between the 3rdand 21stday when all samples presented values ≥ 51.90 μg.mL-1; on the 35th day, 50% of the samples showed values above of recommended levels, and on the 42nd day, no sample had detectable ivermectin residue. In conclusion, the milk of Brazilian mongrel goats treated orally with albendazole or ivermectin does not contain its respective residues in detectable amounts from the 4th and 42nddays, respectively, after antiparasitic treatment.

RESUMO O biomonitoramento consiste na utilização de organismos vivos para apontar possíveis poluições ambientais. Objetivou-se neste estudo avaliar a influência da intensidade do tráfego urbano na disponibilidade de elementos e sólidos em suspensão, bem como identificar a potencialidade no acúmulo e retenção das substâncias em diferentes espécies arbóreas, utilizando suas folhas como biomonitores passivos e de acumulação. Como amostras utilizaram-se folhas de árvores coletadas em duas áreas no município de Vitória da Conquista - BA: com trânsito de veículos e atividades antrópicas moderadas; e em uma zona de maior tráfego e com atividades intensas. Foram determinados o material particulado (MP) depositado nas folhas pelo método gravimétrico e os elementos Fe, Cu, Ni, Co e Cd por espectrometria de absorção atômica em forno de grafite (EAA FG). O Fe se distinguiu significativamente das demais variáveis, com concentrações superiores aos outros metais. Utilizaram-se análises estatísticas multivariadas para a interpretação dos dados. A análise de agrupamento hierárquico separou dois grupos de acordo com a espacialidade e a análise de componentes principais permitiu a explicação desta tendência amostral. Um grupo foi constituído por MP, Fe e Cd, pelo fato de serem originados do desgaste dos veículos e queima de combustíveis fósseis. As espécies da família Fabaceae apresentaram uma maior similaridade em relação ao elemento Cu, isto, porque a atividade metabólica do Cu tem comportamento inversamente proporcional à concentração de nitrogênio. O trânsito de veículos influiu diretamente na disponibilidade de alguns elementos tóxicos e na concentração de partículas sólidas depositadas. Conclui-se que a espécie influi no acúmulo dos elementos químicos e apresentam diferentes potenciais de captação. A arborização pode ser utilizada como biomonitora passiva de acumulação.

ABSTRACT Biomonitoring is the use of living organisms to identify possible environmental pollution. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of intensity of urban traffic in the availability of elements and suspended solids as well as identify the potential in the accumulation and retention of substances in different tree species using its leaves as passive biomonitors and for accumulation. As samples we used tree leaves collected from two areas in the municipality of Vitoria da Conquista (BA state), with transit vehicles and moderate human activities, and in a zone of increased traffic and intense activities. We determined the particulate matter (MP) deposited in the leaves by the gravimetric method and the elements Fe, Cu, Ni, Co and Cd by atomic absorption spectrometry with graphite furnace (GF AAS). Fe was significantly distinguished from other variables, with higher concentrations than other metals. The data was interpreted by multivariate analysis. Cluster analysis separated two groups, one consisting of MP, Fe and Cd, because they are originated from the wear and tear of vehicles and burning fossil fuels. The species of the family Fabaceae showed greater similarity to Cu element, namely, because the Cu metabolic activity is inversely proportional to the concentration of nitrogen behavior. The vehicle traffic directly influenced the availability of some toxic elements and the concentration of the deposited solid particles. It is concluded that the species influences the accumulation of chemical elements and have different catchment potentials. The trees can be utilized as biomonitors which are passive of accumulation.

Validation of a rapid method for the determination of ascorbic, citric, fumaric and tartaric acids in stored pulp fruit and its application as a quality parameter was performed. The validation parameters showed that for the four evaluated acids, the method presented low limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ), indicating good precision and accuracy, thus representing an important tool for quality assessment of stored fruit pulp. The results showed that the concentration of organic acids generally decreased with longer storage time in the fruit pulp under study. Amongst all the organic acids under investigation, ascorbic proved the least stable.

The metal distribution in the surface sediment fractions of the Cachoeira River was evaluated based on the fractionation method using a five-step sequential extraction. The determination of metals was made by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (F AAS). Zn, Pb and Cu exhibit higher concentrations in the residual fraction of the sediment from sites that receive discharges from urban and industrial zones. High levels of Ni (60 ± 1 to 447 ± 9 µg L-1) were found in the river water, which may be detrimental to the "health" of rural communities that utilize the river water for domestic purposes without treatment.

In this study honey samples produced in the southwest of Bahia were characterized based on physicochemical and mineral (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Mn, Fe and Zn) composition. The metals were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The application of multivariate analysis showed that the honey colors are consequence of the mineral and physicochemical compositions. The darkest honey samples are characterized by higher values of pH and for presenting a strong relationship with Ca and Fe content.

In honey 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (HMF) is one of the most typical products of degradation: it is usually absent in fresh honey, but its concentration tends to rise as a result of heating processes or long-term storage. The validation protocol was performed in terms of detection and quantification limits, precision (by repeatability and intermediate precision), linearity and accuracy (by recovery tests). The method has been tested on 15 honey samples of different ages and geographical origin. HMF correlated highly with the age of the samples has been considered a very important parameter to put these honeys on the market or not and/or to estimate their shelf life.

This study examined the spatial and temporal variations of six important parameters of the salt accumulation process in water samples collected along section urban of Contas River. The Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations were determined by FAAS. The conductivity, total dissolved solids, Na+ and Ca2+ presented the largest seasonal and spatial variations in the urban area demonstrated that are appropriate indicators of urban contamination. The readily soluble salts in drainage urban, contribute for the degradation of the water of rivers located in semi-arid zones.

Neste trabalho, amostras de mel produzidas em três diferentes regiões climáticas do Sudoeste da Bahia, Brasil (semi-árido, Mata Atlântica e Zona de Transição Climática) foram caracterizadas com base nos teores de minerais, elementos traços, cinzas e condutividade elétrica. Os metais foram determinados por espectrometria de absorção atômica. Com a finalidade de avaliar as variáveis químicas capazes de promover uma caracterização do mel produzido em cada região, as técnicas de cluster e componentes principais (ACP) foram aplicadas nos resultados das análises. Com base nas análises de cluster e ACP, foi possível distinguir os diferentes grupos de amostras correspondentes às três origens geográficas dos méis. A elevada correlação observada entre a condutividade elétrica e Cu nas amostras das zonas de transição climática, sugere que essas variáveis estão associadas, e esse fato pode ser atribuído ao uso de cobre na cafeicultura que é a principal atividade agrícola desenvolvida nessa região.

In this study, samples of honey produced in three different regional climates in the southwest Bahia, Brazil (semi-arid, Atlantic and Transitional Forest Zones) were characterized on the basis of their mineral and trace elements, ash content and electrical conductivity. The metals were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The cluster and principal component analysis (PCA) methods were applied to the chemical concentration data in order to study the chemistry variables capable of promoting a characterization of the honey produced in each area. Cluster analysis and PCA distinguishes the different groups of honey samples corresponding to each region of the three geographical origins. The high correlation between electrical conductivity and Cu observed in honey samples from transitional forest zones suggested a coupling to the nutrient cycle, and can be attributed to use of copper compounds in coffee production, a major activity developed in all transitional forest zones.

The spatial and temporal retention of metals has been studied in water and sediments of the Gavião River, Anagé and Tremedal Reservoirs, located in the semi-arid region, Bahia - Brazil, in order to identify trends in the fluxes of metals from the sediments to the water column. The determination of metals was made by ICP OES and ET AAS. The application of statistical methods showed that this aquatic system presents suitable conditions to move Cd2+ and Pb2+ from the water column to the sediment.

This study examined the spatial and temporal variations of 13 physico-chemical parameters in water and sediment samples collected along the rural and urban section of Verruga Stream. The metal concentrations were determined by FAAS. The conductivity and the concentration of Na+, Cl-, and Ca2+ showed the largest variations in the urban area demonstrating that these parameters are appropriate indicators of urban contamination. The application of cluster and principal component analysis showed that the Cd2+ and Mn2+ are associated with the use of fertilizers in the rural area.

The salt accumulation process in some reservoirs of regular and irregular use (from 10 to 50 years of constrution), located in the Southeast of Bahia State was evaluated. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry was used to evaluate the concentrations of Na, K, Ca and Mg in water samples from inside and upstream of the reservoirs. The results showed that for reservoirs of irregular use, the salt accumulation, indicated by the tracer Na, increases with the age of the reservoirs, however for the reservoirs of regular use the hydraulic retention time is the main parameter.

Foi feita tentativa de controle do Hymenolepis nana em uma comunidade fechada utilizando-se o praziquantel em repetidos tratamentos. Concomitantemente, foram estudados os prováveis mecanismos de transmissão da parasitose. A comunidade trabalhada possuia inicialmente 161 pessoas, sendo 109 crianças internas, com idade variando de dias e/ou meses a 8 anos, e de 52 adultos, funcionários da instituição. O diagnóstico parasitológico foi realizado aproximadamente de 2 em 2 meses em toda a população, pelo método de Hoffman, Pons e Janer, e o controle de cura, pelo mesmo método, entre o 7.º e o 14.º dia. Quinzenalmente foram realizadas pesquisas para ovos de H. nana no leito ungueal das crianças, em insetos, no lixo doméstico, nas maçanetas das portas e geladeiras, nos botões e cordões de descarga. Posteriormente examinou-se água recolhida dos urinóis e do chão do "box" do chuveiro. Todos os pacientes eliminando ovos de H. nana nas fezes foram tratados com praziquantel, após exame clínico, na dose única oral de 25mg/kg, após o almoço. Em 4 tratamentos realizados (66 pacientes), não foram observadas reações colterais importantes, e o controle de cura foi sempre de 100%. No 5.º e último tratamento, grupos de pacientes positivos e negativos para H. nana foram divididos em subgrupos e tratados com uma dose da droga (25mg/kg) ou duas doses espaçadas de 4 dias (total: 50mg/kg). No levantamento realizado dois meses após o tratamento, foram encontrados apenas 6 indivíduos eliminando ovos do parasita. Estes pertenciam ao subgrupo de crianças com himenolepíase tratado com uma única dose da droga. Ovos e larvas de helmintos e cistos de protozoários foram encontrados no lixo doméstico, insetos (baratas) e maçanetas de portas, enquanto ovos de H. nana só foram achados em água aspirada do "box" do chuveiro e da lavagem dos urinóis. Apesar da elevada percentagem de cura e dos vários tratamentos realizados, não se conseguiu o controle da himenolepíase.

Praziquantel was used repeatedly in an orphanage to determine its effectiveness in controlling hymenolepis. At the same time, the possible mechanisms of the transmission of this parasitosis were studied. The first group examined consisted of 161 people of which 109 were the orphanage children, who varied in age from days or months to eight years, and 52 adults, employees of the institution. Stool tests of all were made about every two months, using the Hoffman, Pons and Janer method; cure control was carried out by the same method seven to fourteen days after treatment. Every two weeks, H. nana eggs were searched for under the finger nails of the children, in insects, in domestic wastes, on door knobs and refrigerator handles, and on toilet flush knobs and strings. Water collected from rinsed urinals and shower floors was also tested. Eggs and larva of helminths and protozoa cysts were found in domestic waste and cockroaches and on door knobs. H. nana eggs were found in puddles of water left on shower floors and the rinse water of urinals. Every patient whose feces had H. nana eggs was treated with a single oral 25mg/kg dose of praziquantel, taken after lunch. In the four groups treated (66 patients in all), no important side effects were observed, and follow-up indicated 100% cure. For the 5th and last treatment, a group of both positive and negative (for H. nana) people was divided into sub-groups and treated with one (25mg/kg) or two doses of the medicine for a period of four days (total: 50mg/kg). Follow-up examination two months after treatment showed that only six patients were still eliminating eggs of the parasite; all belonged to the sub-group treated with a single dose of the drug. In spite of the treatments given an of the high percentage of cure, control of hymenolepiasis was not achieved.

Foi feita tentativa de controle do Hymenolepis nana em uma comunidade fechada utilizando-se o praziquantel em repetidos tratamentos. Concomitantemente, foram estudados os prováveis mecanismos de transmissão da parasitose. A comunidade trabalhada possuia inicialmente 161 pessoas, sendo 109 crianças internas, com idade variando de dias e/ou meses a 8 anos, e de 52 adultos, funcionários da instituição. O diagnóstico parasitológico foi realizado aproximadamente de 2 em 2 meses em toda a população, pelo método de Hoffman, Pons e Janer, e o controle de cura, pelo mesmo método, entre o 7.º e o 14.º dia. Quinzenalmente foram realizadas pesquisas para ovos de H. nana no leito ungueal das crianças, em insetos, no lixo doméstico, nas maçanetas das portas e geladeiras, nos botões e cordões de descarga. Posteriormente examinou-se água recolhida dos urinóis e do chão do "box" do chuveiro. Todos os pacientes eliminando ovos de H. nana nas fezes foram tratados com praziquantel, após exame clínico, na dose única oral de 25mg/kg, após o almoço. Em 4 tratamentos realizados (66 pacientes), não foram observadas reações colterais importantes, e o controle de cura foi sempre de 100%. No 5.º e último tratamento, grupos de pacientes positivos e negativos para H. nana foram divididos em subgrupos e tratados com uma dose da droga (25mg/kg) ou duas doses espaçadas de 4 dias (total: 50mg/kg). No levantamento realizado dois meses após o tratamento, foram encontrados apenas 6 indivíduos eliminando ovos do parasita. Estes pertenciam ao subgrupo de crianças com himenolepíase tratado com uma única dose da droga. Ovos e larvas de helmintos e cistos de protozoários foram encontrados no lixo doméstico, insetos (baratas) e maçanetas de portas, enquanto ovos de H. nana só foram achados em água aspirada do "box" do chuveiro e da lavagem dos urinóis. Apesar da elevada percentagem de cura e dos vários tratamentos realizados, não se conseguiu o controle da himenolepíase.

Praziquantel was used repeatedly in an orphanage to determine its effectiveness in controlling hymenolepis. At the same time, the possible mechanisms of the transmission of this parasitosis were studied. The first group examined consisted of 161 people of which 109 were the orphanage children, who varied in age from days or months to eight years, and 52 adults, employees of the institution. Stool tests of all were made about every two months, using the Hoffman, Pons and Janer method; cure control was carried out by the same method seven to fourteen days after treatment. Every two weeks, H. nana eggs were searched for under the finger nails of the children, in insects, in domestic wastes, on door knobs and refrigerator handles, and on toilet flush knobs and strings. Water collected from rinsed urinals and shower floors was also tested. Eggs and larva of helminths and protozoa cysts were found in domestic waste and cockroaches and on door knobs. H. nana eggs were found in puddles of water left on shower floors and the rinse water of urinals. Every patient whose feces had H. nana eggs was treated with a single oral 25mg/kg dose of praziquantel, taken after lunch. In the four groups treated (66 patients in all), no important side effects were observed, and follow-up indicated 100% cure. For the 5th and last treatment, a group of both positive and negative (for H. nana) people was divided into sub-groups and treated with one (25mg/kg) or two doses of the medicine for a period of four days (total: 50mg/kg). Follow-up examination two months after treatment showed that only six patients were still eliminating eggs of the parasite; all belonged to the sub-group treated with a single dose of the drug. In spite of the treatments given an of the high percentage of cure, control of hymenolepiasis was not achieved.

Foram estudados, comparativamente, em 500 pacientes, os métodos de exames de fezes de Lutz, Faust modificado e Kato-Katz para o diagnóstico parasitológico de fezes. O método de Kato-Katz proporcionou maiores índices de positividade do que as outras duas técnicas no diagnóstico de ancilostomideos, T. trichiurus e S. mansoni. Nenhuma diferença foi observada quanto ao diagnóstico de A. lumbricoides. Para o diagnóstico das protozooses não houve diferença significativa entre os métodos de Faust modificado e de Lutz. Baseado nos dados obtidos, eficiência, simplicidade e rapidez de execução recomenda-se a associação dos métodos de Kato-Katz e Faust modificado na rotina de diagnóstico parasitológico de fezes.

A comparative study was of the Lutz, Faust (modified), and Kato-Katz stool examination methods for parasitological diagnosis using 500 patients. The Kato-Katz method provided higher rates of positivity than the other two techniques in the diagnosis of Ancylostomidae, T. trichiurus, and S. mansoni. No differences were observed in the diagnosis of A. lumbicoides. Nor was a statistically significant difference observed in the diagnosis of protozoosis when using the Lutz and modified Faust methods. The data obtained led to a recommendation for an association of Kato-Katz and modified Faust methods for routine parasitological diagnosis due to Us simplicity, rapidity, and efficiency.

Foram estudados, comparativamente, em 500 pacientes, os métodos de exames de fezes de Lutz, Faust modificado e Kato-Katz para o diagnóstico parasitológico de fezes. O método de Kato-Katz proporcionou maiores índices de positividade do que as outras duas técnicas no diagnóstico de ancilostomideos, T. trichiurus e S. mansoni. Nenhuma diferença foi observada quanto ao diagnóstico de A. lumbricoides. Para o diagnóstico das protozooses não houve diferença significativa entre os métodos de Faust modificado e de Lutz. Baseado nos dados obtidos, eficiência, simplicidade e rapidez de execução recomenda-se a associação dos métodos de Kato-Katz e Faust modificado na rotina de diagnóstico parasitológico de fezes.

A comparative study was of the Lutz, Faust (modified), and Kato-Katz stool examination methods for parasitological diagnosis using 500 patients. The Kato-Katz method provided higher rates of positivity than the other two techniques in the diagnosis of Ancylostomidae, T. trichiurus, and S. mansoni. No differences were observed in the diagnosis of A. lumbicoides. Nor was a statistically significant difference observed in the diagnosis of protozoosis when using the Lutz and modified Faust methods. The data obtained led to a recommendation for an association of Kato-Katz and modified Faust methods for routine parasitological diagnosis due to Us simplicity, rapidity, and efficiency.